Robert Balk MD

PubMed

• Rapid and Robust Identification of Sepsis Using SeptiCyte RAPID in a Heterogeneous Patient Population.
  Robert Balk, Annette M Esper, Greg S Martin, Russell R Miller 3rd, Bert K Lopansri
  Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024-10-10
• Major Publications in the Critical Care Pharmacotherapy Literature: 2023.
  Brian Murray, Janhavi Athale, Robert A Balk, Michael L Behal, Judah E Brown
  Critical Care Explorations. 2024-10-01
• Association between Dexmedetomidine Use and Mortality in Patients with COVID-19 Receiving Invasive Mechanical Ventilation: A U.S. National COVID Cohort Collaborative (...
  John L Hamilton, Rachel Baccile, Thomas J Best, Pankaja Desai, Alan Landay
  Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024-06-12

Journal Articles

• Score for Predicting Ventilator Weaning Duration in Patients with Tracheostomies  
  Jared A Greenberg, Raj C Shah, Robert A Balk, American Journal of Critical Care
• Evaluation of pain, dyspnea, and goals of care among adults with cystic fibrosis: A comprehensive palliative care survey  
  Chen E, Killeen KM, Peterson SJ, Saulitis AK, Balk RA, Am J Hospice & Pall Med, 1/1/2016
• The new sepsis definition: the good, the bad, and the ugly  
  Sprung CL, Schein RMH, Balk RA, Intens Care Med, 1/1/2016
• Impact of end-stage renal disease and acute kidney injury on ICU outcomes in patients with sepsis  
  Jeganathan N, Ahuja N, Yau S, Out D, Stein B, Balk RA, J Intens Care Med, 1/1/2016
• Rac-1-mediated cytoskeleton rearrangements induced by intersectin1s deficiency promotes lung cancer cell proliferation, migration, and metastasis  
  Jeganathan N, Predescu D, Zhang J, Sha F, Bardita C, Patel M, Wood S, Gorgia JA, Balk RA, Predescu S, Mol Cancer, 1/1/2016
• Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization among US adults  
  Jain, S, Self WH, Wunderink RG, Fakhran S, Balk R, Bramely AM, Reed C, Grijalva CG, Anderson EJ, Courtney DM, Chappell JD, Qi C, Hart EM, Carroll F, Trabue C, Donnelly..., N Engl J Med, 1/1/2015
• Engagement and education: Care of the critically ill and injured during pandemics and disasters Chest Consensus Statement  
  Devereaux AV, Tosh PK, Hick JL, Hanfling D, Geiling J, Reed MJ, Uyeki TM, Shah UA, Fagbuyi DB, Skippen P, Dichter JR, Kisson N, Christian MD, Upperman JS; Task Force f..., Chest, 1/1/2014
• Introduction and executive summary: Care of the critically ill and injured during pandemics and disasters CHEST Consensus Statement  
  Christian MD, Devereaux AV, Dichter JR, Rubinson L, Kissoon N; Task For for Mass Critical Care, Chest, 1/1/2014
• Legal preparedness: Care of the critically ill and injured during pandemics and disasters: CHEST Consensus Statement  
  Courtney B, Hodge JG Jr., Toner ES, Roxland BE, Penn MS, Devereaux AV, Dichter JR, Kissoon N, Christian MD, Powell T. Task Force for Mass Critical Care, Chest, 1/1/2014
• Methodology: Care of the critically ill and injured during pandemics and disasters: CHEST Consensus Statement  
  Ornelas J, Dichter JR, Devereaux AV, Kissoon N, Livinski A, Christian MD; Task Force for Mass Critical Care, Chest, 1/1/2014
• Ethical considerations: Care of the critically ill and injured during pandemics and disasters: CHEST Consensus Statement  
  Biddison LD, Berkowitz KA, Courtney B, De Jong CM, Devereaux AV, Kissoon N, Roxland BE, Sprung CL, Dichter JR, Christian MD, Powell T; Task Force for Mass Critical Care, Chest, 1/1/2014
• Surge capacity principles: Care of the critically ill and injured during pandemics and disasters: CHEST Consensus Statement  
  Hick JL, Einav S, Hanfling D, Kissoon N, Dichter JR, Devereaux AV, Christian MD; Task force for Mass Critical Care, Chest, 1/1/2014
• Resource-poor settings: Infrastructure and capacity building: Care of the critically ill and injured during pandemics and disasters: CHEST Consensus Statement  
  Geiling J, Burkle FM Jr, Amundson D, Dominguez-Cherit G, Gomersall CD, Lim ML, Luyckx V, Sarani B, Yyeki TM, West TE, Christian MD, Devereaux AV, Dichter JR, Kissoon N..., Chest, 1/1/2014
• Surge capacity logistics: Care of the critically ill and injured during pandemics and disasters: CHEST Consensus Statement  
  Einav S, Hick JL, Hanfling D, Erstad BL, Toner ES, Branson RD, Kanter RK, Kissoon N, Dichter JR, Devereaux AV, Christian MD; Task Force for Mass Critical Care, Chest, 1/1/2014
• Resource-poor settings: Response, recovery, and research: Care of the critically ill and injured during pandemics and disasters: CHEST Consensus Statement  
  Geiling J, Burkle FM Jr, West TE, Uyeki TM, Amundson D, Cominguez-Cherit G, Gomersall CD, Lim ML, Luyckx V, Sarani B, Christian MD, Devereaux AV, Dichter JR, Kissoon N..., Chest, 1/1/2014
• Evacuation of the ICU: Care of the criticall ill and injured during pandemics and disasters: CHEST Consensus Statement  
  King MA, Niven AS, Beninati W, Fang R, Einav S, Rubinson L, Kissoon N, Devereaux AV, Christian MD, Grissom CK: Task Force for Mass Critical Care, Chest, 1/1/2014
• Triage: Care of the critically ill and injured during pandemics and disasters: CHEST Consensus Statement  
  Christian MD, Sprung CL, King MA, Dichter JR, Kissoon N, Devereaux AV, Gomersall CD: Task Force for Mass Critical Care, Chest, 1/1/2014
• Special populations: Care of the critically ill and injured during pandemics and disasters: CHEST Consensus Statement  
  Dries D, Reed MJ, Kissoon N, Christian MD, Dichter JR, Devereaux AV, Upperman JS: Task Force for Mass Critical Care, Chest, 1/1/2014
• System-level planning, coordination, and communication: Care of the critically ill and injured during pandemics and disasters: CHEST Consensus Statement  
  Dichter JR, Kanter RK, Dries D, Luyckx V, Lim ML, Wilgis J, Anderson MR, Sarani B, Hupert N, Mutter R, Devereaux AV, Christian MD, Kissoon N: Task Force for Mass Criti..., Chest, 1/1/2014
• Business and continuity of operations: Care of the critically ill and injured during pandemics and disasters: CHEST Consensus Statement  
  Tosh PK, Feldman H, Christian MD, Devereaux AV, Kissoon N, Dichter JR: Task Force for Mass Critical Care, Chest, 1/1/2014
• Developing a new, national approach to surveillance for ventilator-associated events: Executive summary  
  Magill S, Klompas M, Balk R, Burns S, Deutschman D, Diekema D, Fridkin S, Greene L, Guh A, Gutterman D, Hammer B, Henderson D, Hess D, Hill N, Horan T, Kolleff M, Levy..., Am J Infect Control, 1/1/2013
• Developing a new, national approach to surveillance for ventilator-associated events  
  Magill S, Klompas M, Balk R, Burns S, Deutschman D, Diekema D, Fridkin S, Greene L, Guh A, Gutterman D, Hammer B, Henderson D, Hess D, Hill N, Horan T, Kolleff M, Levy..., Amer J Crit Care, 1/1/2013
• Developing a new, national approach to surveillance for ventilator-associated events  
  Magill S, Klompas M, Balk R, Burns S, Deutschman D, Diekema D, Fridkin S, Greene L, Guh A, Gutterman D, Hammer B, Henderson D, Hess D, Hill N, Horan T, Kolleff M, Levy..., Crit Care Med, 1/1/2013
• Developing a new, national approach to surveillance for ventilator-associated events: Executive summary  
  Magill S, Klompas M, Balk R, Burns S, Deutschman D, Diekema D, Fridkin S, Greene L, Guh A, Gutterman D, Hammer B, Henderson D, Hess D, Hill N, Horan T, Kolleff M, Levy..., Infect Cont Hosp Epidemiology, 1/1/2013
• Developing a new, national approach to surveillance for ventilator-associated events: Executive summary  
  Magill S, Klompas M, Balk R, Burns S, Deutschman D, Diekema D, Fridkin S, Greene L, Guh A, Gutterman D, Hammer B, Henderson D, Hess D, Hill N, Horan T, Kolleff M, Levy..., Resp Care, 1/1/2013
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Books/Book Chapters

• Critical Care Medicine: Principles of Diagnosis and Management in the Adult 
  Chapter: Acute respiratory failure, including acute lung injury and ARDS 
  Page 629 - 644Gurka DP, Balk RAEditors: Parrillo JE & Dellinger RP.Mosby Elsevier, Philadelphia, PAEdition 4th,2014
• Comprehensive Critical Care: Adult 
  Chapter: Immunologic Lung Disease. 
  Page 409 - 422Balk RAEditors: Roberts PR, Todd SR.Society of Critical Care Medicine, Chicago, IL2012
• 2012 Year Book of Critical Care Medicine 
  Editors: Dries DJ, Zanotti-Cavazzoni SL, Latenser BA, Martinez EA, Rincon F, and Zwank MD (eds); Balk RA (Contributing Editor).Elsevier Mosby, Inc., Philadelphia, PA2012
• Sepsis-Proinflammatory and Anti-inflammatory Responses: Good, Bad, or Ugly? 
  Chapter: Bone, MD and the evolving paradigms of sepsis. 
  Page 1 - 11Balk R. Roger C.Editors: Herwald H, Egesten A.Karger, Basel, Switzerland2011
• 2011 Year Book of Critical Care Medicine 
  Editors: Dellinger RP, Parrillo JE, Balk RA, Bekes C, Dorman T, Dries DJ (eds); Balk RA (Associate Editor).Mosby YearBook Inc., Philadelphia, PA2011
• 2010 Year Book of Critical Care Medicine 
  Editors: Dellinger RP, Parrillo JE, Balk RA, Bekes C, Dorman T, Dries DJ (eds); Balk RA (Associate Editor).Mosby YearBook Inc., Philadelphia, PA2010
• Mechanical Ventilation: Trends in Adult and Pediatric Practice. 
  Chapter: Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury: Implications for Clinical Practice. 
  Page 103 - 119Balk RASociety of Critical Care Medicine2009
• Mechanical Ventilation: Trends in Adult and Pediatric Practice. 
  Chapter: Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation: What Strategies Do Randomized Controlled Trials Recommend? 
  Page 141 - 156Balk RASociety of Critical Care Medicine2009
• 2009 Year Book of Critical Care Medicine 
  Editors: Dellinger RP, Parrillo JE, Balk RA, Bekes C, Dorman T, Dries DJ (eds); Balk RA (Associate Editor).Mosby YearBook Inc., Philadelphia, PA2009
• 2008 Year Book of Critical Care Medicine 
  Editors: Dellinger RP, Parrillo JE, Balk RA, Bekes C, Dorman T, Dries DJ (eds); Balk RA (Associate Editor).Mosby YearBook Inc., Philadelphia, PA2008
• 2007 Year Book of Critical Care Medicine 
  Editors: Dellinger RP, Parrillo JE, Balk RA, Bekes C, Dorman T, Dries DJ (eds); Balk RA (Associate Editor).Mosby YearBook Inc., Philadelphia, PA2007
• Intensive Care in Nephrology 
  Chapter: Multiple organ dysfunction/failure: Pathophysiolgy and treatment. 
  Page 33 - 46Alshahrouri M, Balk RAEditors: Murray P, Brady HR, Hall JB.Taylor & Francis, London2006
• Conn’s Current Therapy 2006 
  Chapter: Bacteremia and Sepsis 
  Page 74 - 83Zgliniec S, Balk RAEditors: Rakel RE and Bope ET.Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA2006
• 2006 Year Book of Critical Care Medicine 
  Editors: Dellinger RP, Parrillo JE, Balk RA, Bekes C, Dorman T, Dries DJ (eds); Balk RA (Associate Editor).Mosby YearBook Inc., Philadelphia, PA2006
• Conn’s Current Therapy 2005 
  Chapter: Bacteremia and sepsis 
  Page 70 - 78Kellar D, Balk RAEditors: Rakel RE and Bope ET.Saunders, Philadelphia, PA2005
• 2005 Year Book of Critical Care Medicine 
  Editors: Dellinger RP, Parrillo JE, Balk RA, Bekes C, Dorman T, Dries DJ (eds); Balk RA (Associate Editor).Mosby YearBook Inc., Philadelphia, PA2005
• Conn’s Current Therapy 2004 
  Chapter: Bacteremia and sepsis 
  Page 66 - 73Kellar D, Balk RAEditors: Rakel RE and Bope ET.Saunders, Philadelphia, PA2004
• 2004 Year Book of Critical Care Medicine 
  Editors: Dellinger RP. Parrillo JE, Balk RA, Bekes C, Dorman T, Dries DJ (eds); Balk RA (Associate Editor).Mosby YearBook Inc., St. Louis, MO2004
• 2003 Year Book of Critical Care Medicine 
  Editors: Dellinger RP. Parrillo JE, Balk RA, Bekes C, Dorman T, Dries DJ (eds); Balk RA (Associate Editor).Mosby YearBook Inc., St. Louis, MO2003
• 2002 Year Book of Critical Care Medicine 
  Editors: Dellinger RP. Parrillo JE, Balk RA, Bekes C, Dorman T, Dries DJ (eds); Balk RA (Associate Editor).Mosby YearBook Inc., St. Louis, MO2002
• Internal Medicine Pearls 
  Chapter: Patient 52: A 74 year-old woman with arthritis, dyspnea, and pulmonary infiltrates. 
  Page 154 - 156Bogarin J, Balk RAEditors: Heffner JE and Sahn SA.Hanley & Belfus, Inc., Philadelphia, PAEdition 2nd,2001
• Principles of Diagnosis and Management in the Adult 
  Chapter: Acute respiratory failure, including acute lung injury and ARDS in Critical Care Medicine 
  Page 705 - 723Gurka DP, Balk RAEditors: Parrillo JE & Dellinger RP.Mosby, Inc., St. Louis, MOEdition 2nd,2001
• 2001 Year Book of Critical Care Medicine 
  Editors: Dellinger RP, Parrillo JE, Balk RA, Calvin JE, Jr., Franklin CM, Shapiro BD (eds); Balk RA (Associate Editor).W. B. Saunders Co., St. Louis, MO2001
• Hospital Physician-Pulmonary Board Review Manual 
  Chapter: Obesity and Lung Disease. 
  Editors: Balk RA, Abraham L, Stevens D.2001
• Hospital PhysicianPulmonary Board Review Manual 
  Chapter: Obesity and Lung Disease. 
  Editors: Balk RA, Abraham L, Stevens D (Series Editor).2001
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Abstracts/Posters

• Transition self-care skills: Pediatric and young adult patients.
  Saulitis AK, Peterson SJ, Burke J, Brinkman M, McLean KA, McAndrews KK, Chen E, Balk RA, Sharma GD, Ped Pulmonol, 1/1/2016
• Longitudinal 25-hydroxyvitamin D status influences pulmonary exacerbations among patients with cystic fibrosis.
  Gelfand AR, Peterson SJ, Burke J, McAndrews KK, Sharma G, Chen E, Balk RA, Ped Pulmonol, 1/1/2016
• Key self-care skills for transfer in CF: Comparing pediatric and adult patient perspectives.
  Brinkman M, Saulitis AK, Peterson S, Burke J, McAndrews KK, McLean KA, Chen E, Sharma GD, Balk RA, Ped Pulmonol, 1/1/2016
• Rituximab therapy in refractory diffuse alveolar hemorrhage associated with ANCA vasculitis.
  Pandya S, Vashi M, Balk R, Crit Care Med, 1/1/2016
• Prediction of time to ventilator liberation among patients with chronic respiratory failure.
  Greenberg J, Balk R, Shah R, Crit Care Med, 1/1/2016
• Evaluation of adherence rates of airway clearance therapies (ACT) in the adult population.
  Killeen K, Peterson S, Khan N, Chen E, Reed J, Saulitis AK, Balk R, Ped Pulm, 1/1/2015
• Assessment of hearing loss and balance among adult CF patients exposed to potential ototoxic medications.
  Killeen K, Hefferly M, Hodge N, Balk R, Ped Pulm, 1/1/2015
• Effect of procalcitonin (PCT) testing on healthcare utilization and cost.
  Balk R, Cao Z, Lipkin C, Bozzette S, Kadri S, Robinson S, Crit Care Med, 1/1/2015
• Serum procalcitonin measurements to guide antimicrobial therapy duration in the medical intensive care unit: Post hoc analysis correlating results with severity of il...
  Varghese BK, Balk R, Cooke JE, Am J Resp Crit Care Med; ATS, 1/1/2015
• Fatal cerebral air embolism after chest tube placement.
  Shah TG, Balk R, Jeganathan N, Ahuja N, Am J Resp Crit Care Med; ATS, 1/1/2015
• A survey assessment of the perceived knowledge and value of procalcitonin in sepsis after its introduction at an academic center.
  Cooke JE, Peglow SR, Schwartz D, Balk R, Am J Resp Crit Care Med; ATS, 1/1/2014
• A distinguishing feature of procalcitonin elevation in sepsis due to presumed abdominal sources.
  Cooke JE, Varghese B, Schwartz DN, Singh KS, Lyles RD, Balk R, Am J Resp Crit Care Med; ATS, 1/1/2014
• Impact of renal failure on ICU outcomes in patients with sepsis.
  Jeganathan N, Ahuja H, Yau S, Out D, Stein B, Balk R, Am J Resp Crit Care Med; ATS, 1/1/2014
• Downregulation of intersectin-1s contributes to lung cancer metastasis.
  Jeganathan N, Sha F, Bardita C, Predescu D, Balk R, Predescu S, Am J Resp Crit Care Med; ATS, 1/1/2014
• Analaysis of adult inpatient deaths in the CDC-Etiology of Pneumonia in the Community (EPIC) study: Inplications for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) quality of care...
  Waterer GW, Self WH, Girard TD, Trabue C, McNabb P, Courtney DM, Anderson E, Fakhran S, Balk R, Grijalva CG, Bramely A, Jain S, Am J Resp Crit Care Med; ATS, 1/1/2014
• Occult pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in the CDC Etiology of Pneumonia in the Community (EPIC) study detected by serotype - specific urinary antigen d...
  Wunderink RG, Self WH, Waterer GW, Anderson E, Balk R, Fakhran S, Courtney DM, Qi C, Williams D, Zhu Y, Hicks L, Whitney CG, Moore MR, Carvalho MDG, Bramley A, Jain S,..., Am J Resp Crit Care Med; ATS, 1/1/2014
• Impact of frequent registered dietitian visits on body mass index percentiles.
  Diakakis GM, Peterson S, Sharma GD, Balk RA, Ped Pulm, 1/1/2014
• Evaluation of pain in patients with cystic fibrosis.
  Killeen K, Chen E, Peterson S, Saulitis AK, Balk RA, Ped Pulm, 1/1/2014
• Respiratory knowledge assessment: Evaluation of adult CF patient understanding of airway clearance and care of respiratory equipment.
  Killeen K, Peterson S, Chen E, Saulitis AK, Balk R, Ped Pulm, 1/1/2014
• Influence of lung function and age on advance care planning among adult patients with cystic fibrosis.
  Saulitis AK, Peterson S, Chen E, Killeen K, Balk RA, Ped Pulm, 1/1/2014
• Outcomes of pneumonia hospitalizations among adults with and without hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus: Preliminary results from the Centers for Disease Control and...
  Anjum H, Wunderink RG, Balk R, Waterer GW, Grace B, Tulaimat A, Self WH, Grijalva C, Courtney M, Anderson E, Jain S, Bramley A, Fakhran S, Am J Resp Crit Care Med; ATS, 1/1/2014
• Association of pathogens detected in the Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) with serum procalcitonin (PCT) among adults: Preliminary results from the CDC Etiology of ...
  Balk R, Self WH, Woodworth A, Courtney DM, Waterer GW, Grijalva C, Hicks LA, Bramely AM, Jain S, Anderson EJ, Edwards K, Wunderink RG, Am J Respir Crit Care Med; ATS, 1/1/2013
• Evaluation of pain, dyspnea, and advanced care planning among adult patients with Cystic Fibrosis.
  Killeen KM, Chen E, Peterson S, Saulitis AK, Balk RA, Ped Pulm, 1/1/2013
• Relationship between gastric acid suppression and pulmonary exacerbations in adult and pediatric patients with Cystic Fibrosis.
  Hagedorn JM, Peterson S, Killeen K, Malik N, Balk R, Ped Pulm, 1/1/2013
• Etiology of pneumonia in hemodialysis patients: Preliminary results from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Etiology of Pneumonia in the Community (EPIC) s...
  Smith SB, Luqman AA, Self WH, Grace B, Balk RA, Fakhran S, Williams DJ, Bramley A, Jain S, Anderson E, Waterer GW, Edwards KM, Wunderink RG, Am J Respir Crit Care Med; ATS, 1/1/2013
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Lectures

• Critical Care Medicine 2019 
  2019 ACP Internal Medicine Meeting, Philadelphia - 4/9/2019
• Effect of Procalcitonin testing on healthcare utilization and costs in critically ill patients in the United States. 
  National Harbor, MD - 1/24/2016
• Diagnosis, Pathogenesis, and Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock. 
  Washington, DC - 1/3/2016
• Update on the Pathogenesis and Management of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock. 
  Boston, MA - 1/29/2015
• Update on the Diagnosis and Management of ARDS. 
  Boston, MA - 1/28/2015
• New drugs in asthma and COPD. 
  Aruba - 1/31/2014
• Sepsis: New Guidelines and Update. 
  Aruba - 1/29/2014
• Chest Infections. 
  Aruba - 1/28/2014
• Combined sepsis approach for diagnosis and optimized therapy. 
  San Francisco, CA - 1/10/2014
• Pathogenesis and Management of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock. 
  Orlando, FL - 1/9/2014
• Achieving Optimal Outcomes in the ICU: Knowledge, Skills, and Behaviors 
  American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP), Northbrook, Illinois - 8/16/2013
• VAC vs VAP. 
  Chicago, IL - 1/29/2013
• Use of Procalcitonin to improve antibiotic stewardship in the ICU. 
  New Delhi, India - 1/28/2013
• Definition and Management of ARDS. 
  San Francisco, CA - 1/9/2013
• Update in the Management of Septic Shock: Revised Surviving Sepsis Guidelines. 
  San Francisco, CA - 1/9/2013
• Biofilms & Quorom Sensing. 
  Kolkata, India - 1/3/2013
• Use of Procalcitonin in the starting and stopping of antibiotics in the ICU. 
  Kolkata, India - 1/2/2013
• VAT & VAP: VAE, VAC, IVAC, VAP New Definitions. 
  Kolkata, India - 1/1/2013
• Year in review - Sepsis and Infectious Disease. 
  Kolkata, India - 1/1/2013
• Corticosteroid and Biomarker Controversies in the Treatment of Septic Shock. 
  University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI - 1/28/2012
• Update in the Management of Septic Shock: The revised Surviving Sepsis Guidelines. 
  University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI - 1/28/2012
• Diagnosis and Management of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock. 
  Aruba - 1/14/2012
• Acute Severe Asthma Management in the ER and Beyond. 
  Aruba - 1/13/2012
• Current and advanced ventilator modes in ALI and ARDS. 
  Honolulu, HI - 1/24/2011
• Inhaled Nitric Oxide in the Management of Severe ARDS. 
  Honolulu, HI - 1/23/2011
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Other

• ARDS: Pathophysiology of SIRS and MODS. CD ROM 
  Balk RA, Pulm Crit Care Update
  1/1/1998
• Case Studies in Pulmonary Emergencies. 
  Balk RA, Hosp Phys Pulmonary Disease Board Review Manual
  1/1/1997
• Sarcoidosis. Hosp Phys. 
  Balk RA, Pulmonary Disease Board Review Manual
  1/1/1997
• Acute respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). 
  Balk RA, Hosp Phys Pulmonary Disease Board Review Manual
  1/1/1996
• Acute Respiratory Failure and ARDS. 
  Balk RA, Hospital Physician Pulmonary Disease Board Review Manual
  1/1/1996
• Venous thromboembolism and pulmonary emboli. 
  Balk RA, Hospital PhysicianPulmonary Board Review Manual
  1/1/1995
• Methotrexate-induced lung injury 
  Balk RA
  http://www.uptodate.com/contents/methotrexate-induced-lung-injury
  UpToDate, Wolters Kluwer Health - 2012-03-13
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