ScottW.CowanMDFACS, MSHQS, MS Anatomy

PubMed

• Extracorporeal Life Support and Cardio-Pulmonary Bypass for Central Airway Surgery: A Systematic Review
  Thomas J. O’Malley, Abhiraj Saxena, Tyler R. Grenda, Nathaniel R. Evans, Scott W. Cowan, Rohinton J. Morris, H. Todd Massey, Vakhtang Tchantchaleishvili, > ;Artificial Organs. 2021 Oct 11
• 3 citations
  Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for patients with stage I non-small cell lung cancer is applicable to more tumors than sublobar resection.
  Andrew Song, Nathaniel R. Evans, Scott W. Cowan, Jenny Guo, Tingting Zhan, Bo Lu, Maria Werner-Wasik> ;Journal of Thoracic Disease. 2021 Mar 1
• 3 citations
  Development and Validation of a Web-Based Prediction Model for AKI after Surgery.
  Sang H Woo, Jillian Zavodnick, Lily Ackermann, Omar H Maarouf, Jingjing Zhang, Scott W Cowan> ;Kidney360. 2021 Feb 25
• 4 citations
  Postoperative Telehealth Visits Reduce Emergency Department Visits and 30-Day Readmissions in Elective Thoracic Surgery Patients.
  Elwin Tham, Kulvir Nandra, Sung E Whang, Nathaniel R. Evans, Scott W. Cowan> ;Journal for Healthcare Quality. 2021 Feb 11
• 15 citations
  Development and Validation of a Prediction Model for Stroke, Cardiac, and Mortality Risk After Non-Cardiac Surgery.
  Sang H. Woo, Gregary D. Marhefka, Scott W. Cowan, Lily Ackermann> ;Journal of the American Heart Association. 2021 Feb 16
• 1 citations
  Debility Risk Model as a Predictor for Postsurgical Outcomes.
  Yousif Hanna, Kulvir Nandra, Christopher Kustera, Jessica Smith, Matthew Metzinger, Kamini Patel, Scott W. Cowan> ;The American Surgeon. 2021 Sep 1
• 1 citations
  Joseph Pancoast, MD (1805-1882) : The Surgeon Who Brought Anatomy to Life.
  Samantha L. Savitch, Renee Tholey, Scott W. Cowan, Charles J. Yeo, Nathaniel R. Evans> ;The American Surgeon. 2020 Oct 20
• 1 citations
  The Pathway to Low Outlier Status in Venous Thromboembolism Events: An Analysis of Pancreatic Surgery in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program.
  Samantha L. Savitch, Tyler M. Bauer, Nkosi H. Alvarez, Adam P. Johnson, Theresa P. Yeo, Harish Lavu, Charles J. Yeo, Jordan M. Winter, Geno J. Merli, Scott W. Cowan> ;Journal of Pancreatic Cancer. 2020 Jun 29
• 19 citations
  Racial Disparities in Rates of Surgery for Esophageal Cancer: a Study from the National Cancer Database
  Samantha L. Savitch, Tyler R. Grenda, Walter J. Scott, Scott W. Cowan, James Posey, Edith P. Mitchell, Steven J. Cohen, Charles J. Yeo, Nathaniel R. Evans> ;Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery. 2021 Mar 1
• 5 citations
  Asymptomatic Trauma Patients Screened for Venous Thromboembolism Have a Higher Risk Profile with Lower Rate of Pulmonary Embolism: A Five-Year Single-Institution Exper...
  Adam P. Johnson, Deepika Koganti, Adam Wallace, Seth Stake, Scott W. Cowan, Murray J. Cohen, Joshua A. Marks> ;The American Surgeon. 2020 Feb 1
• 2 citations
  Dr. Orvar Swenson and the Pull-Through.
  John J Newland, Katerina Dukleska, Scott W. Cowan, Charles J. Yeo, Renee Tholey> ;The American Surgeon. 2019 Dec 1
• 1 citations
  Cross-Field Ventilation for Treatment of Harlequin Syndrome in Traumatic Tracheobronchial Injury Repair Using Intraoperative Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxyge...
  Jaeyoon Chung, Mark Berguson, Andrew M. Mendelson, Rebecca Barnett, Eric S. Schwenk, Nathaniel R. Evans, Scott W. Cowan, Jordan E. Goldhammer> ;Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. 2019 Mar 18
• 4 citations
  Adherence to Inpatient Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis: A Single Institution's Concurrent Review.
  Tyler M. Bauer, Adam P. Johnson, Katerina Dukleska, Johanna Beck, Myles Dworkin, Kamini Patel, Scott W. Cowan, Geno J. Merli> ;American Journal of Medical Quality. 2019 Jul 1
• 3 citations
  Leveraging Structural Changes in an Electronic Health Record Tool to Standardize Written Handoff.
  Jillian Zavodnick, Rebecca Jaffe, Marc Altshuler, Scott W. Cowan, Alexis Wickersham, Gretchen Diemer> ;American Journal of Medical Quality. 2019 Jul 1
• 4 citations
  Early Discharge Does Not Increase Readmission Rates After Minimally Invasive Anatomic Lung Resection.
  Guillaume S. Chevrollier, Amanda K. Nemecz, Courtney L. Devin, Kendrick V. Go, Misung Yi, Scott W. Keith, Scott W. Cowan, Nathaniel R. Evans> ;Innovations. 2019 Mar 14
• 7 citations
  Disparity in age at lung cancer diagnosis between current and former smokers
  Barbara G. Campling, Zhong Ye, Yinzhi Lai, Ling Li, Voichita Bar-Ad, Maria Werner-Wasik, Bo Lu, Scott W. Cowan, Nathaniel R. Evans, Inna Chervoneva, Chun Wang> ;Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. 2019 Mar 4
• 2 citations
  César Roux-The Mind behind the Roux-en-Y.
  Elwin Tham, Su Mae Ang, Scott W. Cowan, Charles J. Yeo, Gerald A. Isenberg> ;The American Surgeon. 2019 Jan 1
• Charles Heber McBurney-McBurney and His Point to Make.
  Su Mae Ang, Elwin Tham, Scott W. Cowan, Charles J. Yeo, Jordan M. Winter> ;The American Surgeon. 2018 Dec 1
• The Legend of George J. Willauer, M.D. (1896-1977).
  Myles Dworkin, Harold I. Salmons, Tyler M. Bauer, Vakhtang Tchantchaleishvili, Charles J. Yeo, Scott W. Cowan> ;The American Surgeon. 2018 Nov 1
• Bernard J. Miller, M.D., Sc.D. (Hon.) (1918-2007): The Life and Scientific Contributions of a Crucial Figure in the Development of the Heart-Lung Machine.
  Tyler M. Bauer, Myles Dworkin, Stanton Miller, Charles J. Yeo, Scott W. Cowan> ;The American Surgeon. 2018 Nov 1
• 13 citations
  The art and science of surgery: Do the data support the banning of surgical skull caps?
  Arturo J. Rios-Diaz, Guillaume S. Chevrollier, Hunter Witmer, Christine Schleider, Scott W. Cowan, Michael J. Pucci, Francesco Palazzo> ;Surgery. 2018 Nov 1
• Algernon Brashear Jackson, M.D.: A Pioneer for Community and Minority Advocacy.
  Megan E Lundy, Scott W. Cowan, Charles J. Yeo, Melissa Lazar> ;The American Surgeon. 2018 Jun 1
• Jonathan Letterman, MD: The Surgeon-Soldier & His Reform of Battlefield Medicine.
  Hunter Witmer, Michael J. Pucci, Charles J. Yeo, Scott W. Cowan> ;The American Surgeon. 2018 Feb 1
• Gerald J. Marks, M.D., FACS (1925-), founder of the Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES).
  Theresa P. Yeo, Scott W. Cowan, Charles J. Yeo> ;Surgical Endoscopy. 2018 Jan 23
• René Gerónimo Favaloro (1923–2000): A Man Who Struggled with Matters of the Heart:
  Robyn Rubenstein, Scott W. Cowan, Charles J. Yeo, John W. Entwistle> ;The American Surgeon. 2018 Jan 1
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Journal Articles

• Ambroise Pare (1510 to 1590): A Surgeon Centuries Ahead of his Time  
  Shen JT, Weinstein M, Beekley A, Yeo C, Cowan S, American Surgeon, 6/1/2014
• Francis F Maury MD (1840-1879): An often forgotten pioneer in early American surgery  
  Chevrollier G, Cowan SW, Yeo CJ, Kairys JC, American Surgeon, 6/1/2014
• Mary H Gibbon: Teamwork of the Heart  
  Columbus A, Cowan SW, Yeo CJ, Milan SA, American Surgeon, 3/1/2014
• Dr Seishu hanaoka (1760-1835): Surgeon, Pharmacist and Anesthesiologist  
  Kotler D, Hirose H, Yeo CJ, Cowan SW, American Surgeon, 1/1/2014
• Edoardo Bassini MD (1844-1924): Father of Modern Day Hernia Repair  
  Tan WP, Lavu H, Rosato EL, Yeo CJ, Cowan SW, American Surgeon, 11/1/2013
• Abdominal Intercostal Hernia: A rare complication after blunt trauma  
  Nguyen PD, Pucci MJ, Jenoff JS, Cowan SW, American Surgeon, 11/1/2013
• Identification of KRAS mutation in a patient with non-small cell lung cancer treated with chemoradiotherapy and panitumumab: a possibility to personalize cancer therap...  
  Zaorsky NG, Sun Y, Wang Z, Palmer J, Fortina P, Solomides C, Werner-Wasik M, Dicker AP, Axelrod R, Campling B, Evans NE, Cowan SW, Lu B, Cancer Biology & Therapy, 10/1/2013
• Samuel D Gross, MD(1805-1884): An innovator, even in death  
  Bucharielli PR, Kairys JC, Rosato EL, Yeo CJ, Cowan SW, American Surgeon, 9/1/2013
• Chevalier Q Jackson, MD (1865-1968):Il ne se repose jamais  
  Nguyen PD, Cowan SW, Yeo CJ, Evans NR, American Surgeon, 5/1/2013
• John Chalmers DaCosta (1863-1933): Restoration of the Old Operating Table  
  Peters M, Berger A, Schwartz G, Yeo C, Cowan S, American Surgeon, 3/1/2013
• Aggressive Management of Bleeding Complications Related to Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenator (ECMO) Results in Successful Outcomes  
  Lamb K, Cowan SW, Evans N, Pitcher H, Moritz T, Lazar M, Hirose H, Cavarocchi N, Perfusion, 3/1/2013
• William Edwards Ladd MD: The Description of His Bands  
  Lim P, Martin ND, Yeo CJ, Cowan SW, American Surgeon, 1/1/2013
• Emil Theodor Kocher, MD and his Nobel Prize (1841-1917)  
  Fong Z, Rosato E, Lavu H, Yeo C, Cowan S, American Surgeon, 12/1/2012
• John Y Templeton III; Pioneer of Modern Cardiothoracic Surgery  
  Li J, Cohn H, Yeo C, Cowan S, American Surgeon, 11/1/2012
• Pseudoaneurysm of the Descending Thoracic Aorta Related to Remnant Outflow Graft of Left Ventricular Assist Device After Cardiac Transplantation  
  Yamane K, Bogar LJ, DiMuzio PJ, Cowan SW, Hirose H, Evans NR, Rao AS, Eisenberg J, Cavarocchi N, CHEST, 10/1/2012
• Contained rupture of a Pseudoaneurysm of the descending thoracic aorta related to remnant graft of left ventricular assist device after heart transplantation  
  Yamane K, Bogar LJ, DiMuzio PJ, Cowan SW, Hirose H, Evans NR, Rao AS, Eisenberg JA, Cavarocchi NC, Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 10/1/2012
• Massive Hemoptysis on Veno-Arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (VA-ECMO)  
  Harrison M, Cowan S, Pitcher H, Cavarrocchi N, Hirose G, European J Cardiothoracic Surgery, 9/1/2012
• Pregnancy after Cardiac Transplantation  
  Scott W. Cowan, John M. Davison, Cataldo Doria, Michael J. Moritz, Vincent T. Armenti, Cardiology Clinics, 8/1/2012
• Christian Albert Theodor Billroth, MD; Founding Father of Abdominal Surgery (1829-1894)  
  Fong Z, Lavu H, Rosato E, Yeo C, Cowan S, American Surgeon, 3/1/2012
• Pregnancy after Lung Transplantation  
  Shaner J, Coscia LA, Constantinescu S, McGrory CH, Moritz MJ, Armenti VT, Cowan SW, Progress in Transplantation, 1/1/2012
• Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica presenting as a single dominant tracheal mass  
  Raess PW, Cowan SW, Haas AR, Zhang PJ, Litzky LA, Miller WT, Cooper JD, Deshpande CG, Annals of Diagnostic Pathology, 1/1/2011
• A 65 Year old male with shortness of breath, pleuritic chest pain, and recurrent healthcare acquired pneumonia  
  Scivoletti-Polan NA, Valentino DJ, Rosenberg SB, Cowan SW, Soiferman EI, Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, 1/1/2010
• Management of coronary artery compression caused by recurrent aortic root abscess  
  Cowan SW, Fiser SM, Albrecht M, Fifer M, Vlahakes GJ, Madsen J, Journal of Cardiac Surgery, 5/1/2008
• Pleurectomy and decortication for malignant mesothelioma [Review]  
  Cowan SW, Pechet TT, Thoracic Surgery Clinics, 11/1/2004
• Complicated management of a traumatic aortoesophageal fistula in a patient with a right-sided aortic arch  
  Rodriguez E, Park P, Cowan S, Weinstein M, Kaulback K, Friedberg JS, Diehl JT, Mannion JD, Cohen M, Journal of Trauma, 3/1/2004
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Books/Book Chapters

• Sabiston and Spencer: Surgery of the Chest 
  Chapter: Secondary Tumors of the Lung. 
  Scott Cowan, Melissa Culligan, Joseph FriedbergEdition 8th,2010
• Lung Cancer: Principles and Practice 
  Chapter: Malignant pleural and pericardial effusions. Chap. 56 
  Page 794 - 804Carr SR, Cowan SW, Zeltsman D, Friedberg JSEditors: Pass HI, Carbone DP, Johnson DH, Minna JD, Turrisi AT.Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PAEdition 3rd,2005
• Peripheral Vascular Disorders 
  Chapter: Aortic aneurysms. Chap. 7. 
  Page 59 - 65Cowan SW, Kahn MEditors: Merli GJ, Weitz HH, Carabasi RA.WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA2004

Abstracts/Posters

• Risk factor analysis for post-operative unplanned intubation and ventilator dependence.
  Johnson, AP, Kshetrapal Hsu, Cohn HE, Cowan SW, 2014 ACS NSQIP Meeting, 7/1/2014
• Racial disparity in in-hospital mortality after lobectomy for lung cancer.
  Baker MA, Hegarty SE, Keith SW, Cowan SW, Evans NE, Society of Black Academic Surgeons, 4/1/2014
• Treatment of complicated parapneumonic effusions with Alteplase + Dornase alpha: A case series and pharmacoeconomic comment.
  McDaniel Cara, Agarwal V, Cowan, S, Hehn B, In proceeding of: 42nd Critical Care Congress, Society of Critical Care Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1/1/2014
• An Interesting Case of Spindle Cell Sarcoma Invading the Chest Wall.
  Pineda DM, Rittenhouse D, Pucci MJ, Evans NR, Rosato EL, Cowan, SW, CHEST, Chicago, IL, 10/1/2013
• Results of a Fast-Track Protocol for VATS Lobectomy Patients. (Resident Award for Best Oral Presentation)
  Evans NE, Weksler B, Scott K, Hsu H, Nguyen P, Cowan SW, Meeting of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons, 10/1/2013
• Investigation of the FDG PET-derived Total Glycolytic Activity (TGA) as Prognostic Tool in Patients with Early Stage Resected Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. (Poster prese...
  Werner-Wasik M, Hegarty S, Ashamalla M, Strus E, Pirozzi S, Weksler B, Evans NE, Cowan SW, Nelson A, Nelson D, Axelrod R, Campling B, Myers C, Solomides C, IASLC, Sydney, Australia, 10/1/2013
• Does neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (CRT) affect perioperative outcomes after minimally invasive esophagectomy? A single institution experience.
  Tan W, Palazzo F, Pucci MJ, Cowan SW, Evans NR, Berger AC, Chojnacki KA, Rosato EL, ASC, 8/1/2013
• Amplification Of TOP2A Correlates With Increased Survival Of Stage I Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SqCC) Of The Lung. (Poster presentation)
  Solomides P, Evans NE, Cowan SW, American Thoracic Society, 5/1/2013
• Laparoscopic versus Open Esophagectomy: A Clinical and Cost Analysis. (Poster presentation)
  Tan WP, Cowan, SW, Evans A, Keith SW, Chojnacki K, Palazzo F, Pizzi L, Rosato E, Digestive Disease Week, Orlando, FL, 5/1/2013
• Transbronchial and Surgical Lung Biopsies in Bone Marrow Transplant Patients with Pulmonary Disease. (Poster presentation)
  Lamb KM, Chang LC, Wagner JL, Evans NR, Kumar R, Hehn B, Farber J, Gabbetta A, Cowan SW, CHEST, Chicago, IL, 4/1/2013
• The Treatment of Complicated Parapneumonic Effusion with Altepase + Dornase alpha: a Case Series with Pharmacoeconomic Comment. (Poster presentation)
  Cara McDaniel, Vanjul Agarwal, Scott Cowan, Boyd Hehn, Society of Critical Care Medicine, 1/1/2013
• Identification of KRAS mutation in a patient with non-small cell lung cancer treated with panitumumab: a possibility to personalize cancer therapy.
  Zaorsky NG, Sun Y, Wang Z, Palmer J, Fortina PM, Solomides C, Werner-Wasik M, Dicker AP, Axelrod R, Campling B, Evans N, Cowan S, Lu B, ASTRO, 1/1/2013
• Foreign Body in the Airway - Patient Safety Concern. (Poster presentation)
  Madan N, Gilbert C, Kumar R, Kommuri A, Cowan S, Society of Critical Care Medicine, 2/1/2012
• Aggressive Management of Bleeding Complications Related to Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenator (ECMO) Results in Successful Outcomes.
  Lamb K, Cowan S, Evans N, Pitcher H, Moritz T, Lazar M, Hirose H, Cavarocchi N, CHEST meeting (Poster presentation); Eastern Thoracic Meeting, Best Paper Award (Oral presentation), Honolulu, HI; Washington, DC, 10/1/2011
• Pregnancy Outcomes in 57 Female Heart Transplant Recipients.
  Potti S, Coscia LA, Constantinescu S, Cowan SW, Ohler L, Moritz MJ, MD5, Armenti VT, Transplant Congress, Philadelphia, PA, 1/1/2011
• Pregnancy Outcomes in 21 Female Lung Transplant Recipients. (Selected ATC Poster of Distinction Award)
  Shaner J, Coscia LA, Constantinescu S, Ohler L, Cowan SW, Moritz, MJ, Armenti VT, American Transplant Congress, Philadelphia, PA, 1/1/2011
• Radical pleurectomy and photodynamic therapy as a treatment for Stage IVA thymic tumors.
  Hsieh S, Mick, Culligan M, Cengel, Hahn SM, Cowan SW, Friedberg JS, Journal of Thoracic Oncology; International Thymic Malignancy Interest Group, 5/5/2010
• Bronchoscopy Guided Tracheostomy – A Hybrid Model Providing Airway Training for Residents.
  Mittal MK, Cowan SW, Dumon KR, Hashimoto D, Okusanya O, Resnick A, Williams NN, Society of American and Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES), Phoenix, AZ, 1/1/2009
• Visceral pleural hematoma after transbronchial biopsy presenting as a solitary pleural tumor.
  Jonathan Puchalski, Scott Cowan, and Colin Gillespie, Meeting of the Society of Chest Physicians, Philadelphia, PA, 1/1/2008
• Primary treatment of benign obstructive tracheobronchial tumors by electrocautery snare.
  Puchalski J, Haas A, Sterman D, Cowan SW, Sakr L, Gillespie C, Meeting of the Society of Chest Physicians, Philadelphia, PA, 1/1/2008
• NOTES Made Easy – Applying Traditional Surgical Principles to an Innovative Technology.
  Friedberg JS, Huff J, Cowan SW, Davis J, Buyske J, International Conference on Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery, Boston, MA, 7/1/2007
• Initial experience using a small axial flow left ventricular assist device (LVAD).
  MacGillivray TE, Ennis SC, Bates N, Morse C, Cowan SW, Fiser S, Minnich D, Merritt R, 87th Annual Meeting of the New England Medical Society, 9/1/2006
• Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with 5-flurouracil, carboplatinum and paclitataxel dramatically improves survival in patients with clinical stage II and stage III of the dist...
  Dilavoy S, Rosato FE, Cowan SW, et al., GI Cancers Symposium of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2/1/2005
• Utilizing the peritoneum for gas exchange with oxygenated perfluorocarbons.
  Carr SR, Cantor J, Cowan SW, Friedberg J, American College of Surgeons Surgical Forum, New Orleans, LA, 10/1/2004
• Peritoneal perfusion with oxygenated perfluorocarbons can increase arterial oxygenation in a porcine model.
  Carr SR, Cowan SW, Friedberg JS, 50th Annual ASAIO Meeting, Washington, DC, 6/1/2004
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Lectures

• “Department of Surgery Patient Satisfaction Surveys”. 
  5/1/2014
• “Quality and Safety in Surgery” 
  5/1/2014
• "SCIP Update” 
  4/1/2014
• “Surgery for IIIA Disease and the Role of Multimodality Therapy” 
  3/1/2014
• “Physicians as Leaders in Health Care Reform”. 
  3/1/2014
• “Thomas Jefferson Resident Quality Improvement Project” 
  San Diego, CA - 7/1/2013
• “Staging of the Mediastinum”. 
  3/1/2013
• “Tracheal Stenosis: Diagnosis and Treatment”. 
  3/1/2012
• “Parenthood and Surgery” 
  3/1/2012
• Nazareth Hospital Grand Rounds 
  10/1/2011
• “People whom I’ve met Along the Way…” 
  Thomas Jefferson Medical College - 10/1/2011
• “History of the Endotracheal tube” 
  10/1/2011
• “Treatment of Non-small cell Lung Cancer: A Surgical Perspective” 
  9/1/2011
• “Innovations in Thoracic Surgery.” 
  Philadelphia, PA - 4/1/2011
• “Post-Intubation Tracheal Stenosis.” 
  Philadelphia, PA - 9/1/2009
• Surgical Management of Lung Cancer 
  Philadelphia, PA - 9/1/2008
• University of Pennsylvania Multidisciplinary Management of Lung Cancer Conference: Mediastinal Masses 
  Philadelphia, PA - 4/1/2008
• Updates in Metastatic Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: Biomarkers and Targeted Therapy. 
  Texas - 1/1/2008
• Benign Esophageal Disease. 
  University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA - 12/1/2007
• Evaluation of the Lung Cancer Patient. 
  University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA - 11/1/2007
• Evaluation of the Solitary Pulmonary Nodule. 
  10/1/2007
• “Pregnancies Fathered by Male Kidney Transplant Recipients on Newer Immunosuppressive Medications.” 
  Boston, MA - 5/1/2004
• “Cardiopulmonary Bypass Increases Oxidative Stress and Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity in Saphenous Vein Grafts.” (Best Paper Award: Cardiac Division) 
  Miami, FL - 10/1/2002
• “On-Pump Surgery Increases Oxidative Stress and Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity in Saphenous Vein Grafts.” 
  San Francisco, CA - 10/1/2002
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Other

• Mediastinal Tumors. Clinical Decision Support System on Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine: A digital reference for desktop and mobile applications. Web based publication. 
  Scott W. Cowan, Joseph Friedberg
• Pleural Problems. Clinical Decision Support: Critical Care Medicine. Web based publication. 
  Scott W. Cowan, Joseph Friedberg